SI - The Metrics International System of Units
The International System of Units (SI) is a modernized version of the
metric system established by international agreement. The metric system of
measurement was developed during the French Revolution and was first
promoted in the U.S. by Thomas Jefferson. Its use was legalized in the
U.S. in 1866. In 1902, proposed congressional legislation requiring the
U.S. Government to use the metric system exclusively was defeated by a
single vote.
SI provides a logical and interconnected framework for all measurements
in science, industry, and commerce. The metric system is much simpler to
use than the existing English system since all its units of measurement
are divisible by 10.
Conversion Factors
Please note: For best printing results, set your Page Setup's
Orientation to Landscape before printing.
The following list provides the conversion relationship between U.S.
customary units and SI (International System ) units. The proper
conversion procedure is to multiply the specified value on the left
(primarily U.S. customary values) by the conversion factor exactly as
given below and then round to the appropriate number of significant digits
desired. For example, to convert 11.4 ft to meters: 11.4 X 0.3048 =
3.47472, which rounds to 3.47 meters. Do not round either value before
performing the multiplication, as accuracy would be reduced. A complete
guide to the SI system and its use can be found in ASTM E 380, Metric
Practice.
INTERIM UNITS OF MEASURE As suggested by Federal Standard 376B January 27, 1993 AS USED IN THE METRIC STANDARD ITEM TABLE EQUIVALENT ACRE hectare (ha) CUBIC FOOT cubic meter (m3) CUBIC YARD cubic meter (m3) GALLON/MGALLON liter (L), cubic meter (m3) HUNDRED Hundred for traffic buttons HUNDRED WEIGHT kilogram (kg) LINEAR FOOT meter (m) MBOARD FEET cubic meter (m3) MILE kilometer (km) NAUTICAL MILE Nautical Mile POUND kilogram (kg) for mass newton (N) for force SQUARE FOOT square meter (m2) SQUARE YARD square meter (m2) TON tonne (t)
UNITS OF MEASUREMENT METRIC USED IN SPECIAL PROVISIONS EQUIVALENT AND GENERAL SPECIAL PROVISIONS -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- GAGE;GAUGE METAL THICKNESS gage (mm) FAHRENHEIT TEMPERATURE kelvin (K) or degree Celsius (C) FATHOM WATER DEPTH meter (m) FOOT/LBS TORQUE newton-meter (N-m) LBS/SQ. IN PRESSURES kilopascal (kPa) megapascal (MPa) (if very large number) LBS/SQ. FT kilopascal (kPa) LBS/SQ YD kilopascal (kPa) INCH LINEAR millimeter (mm) KIPS;KSI TENSION kilopascal (kPa) or megapascal (MPa) LBS/ACRE EROSION CONTROL kilograms/hectare LBS/CU. FT. DENSITY kilogram per cubic meter (kg/m3) MIL THICKNESS micrometer (um) FT. LBS./SEC. HORSE POWER watt (W)
UNITS OF MEASUREMENTS USED METRIC ON CONTRACT PLANS EQUIVALENT DEGREES/BEARINGS No change for surveying. STATIONING 1,000 meters = 1 station MILEPOSTS This one is still under review as mileposts are part of the signing issue. Use mileposts for now, but also state kilometerposts. ELEVATIONS meter (m)
UNITS OF MEASUREMENT USED IN METRIC COMMERCIAL STANDARDS EQUIVALENT GALS/HR or MIN (PUMPS) liters per second (L/s) 500 GALLON TANKS cubic meter (m3) but it could also possibly be in liter (L) 55 GALLON DRUMS cubic meter (m3) or liter (L) for liquid 94 LBS/SACK (CEMENT) kilogram (kg) DIAMETER OF REINFORCING STEEL millimeter (mm) LBS/FT OF REINFORCING STEEL kilogram per meter (kg/m) BUSHEL cubic meter (m3)
Length To convert from to multiply by mile (US Statute) kilometer (km) 1.609347 inch (in) millimeter (mm) 25.4 * inch (in) centimeter (cm) 2.54 * inch (in) meter (m) 0.0254 * foot (ft) meter (m) 0.3048 * yard (yd) meter (m) 0.9144 *
Area
To convert from to multiply by
square foot (sq ft) square meter (sq m) 0.09290304 E
square inch (sq in) square meter (sq m) 0.00064516 E
square yard (sq yd) square meter (sq m) 0.83612736 E
acre (ac) hectare (ha) 0.4047
Volume
To convert from to multiply by
cubic inch (cu in) cubic meter (cu m) 0.00001639
cubic foot (cu ft) cubic meter (cu m) 0.02831685
cubic yard (cu yd) cubic meter (cu m) 0.7645549
gallon (gal) liter 4.546
Canada liquid
gallon (gal) cubic meter (cu m) 0.004546
Canada liquid
gallon (gal) liter 3.7854118
U.S. liquid**
gallon (gal) cubic meter (cu m) 0.00378541
U.S. liquid
fluid ounce (fl oz) milliliters (ml) 29.57353
fluid ounce (fl oz) cubic meter (cu m) 0.00002957
Force
To convert from to multiply by
kip (1000 lb) kilogram (kg) 453.6
kip (1000 lb) newton (N) 4,448.222
pound (lb) kilogram (kg) 0.4535924
avoirdupois
pound (lb) newton (N) 4.448222
Pressure or stress kip per square megapascal (MPa) 6.894757 inch (ksi) pound per kilogram per 4.8824 square foot (psf) square meter (kg/sq m) pound per square pascal (Pa) 47.88 foot (psf) pound per square pascal (Pa) 6,894.757 inch (psi) pound per square megapascal (MPa) 0.00689476 inch (psi)
Mass (weight)
pound (lb) kilogram (kg) 0.4535924
avoirdupois
ton, 2000 lb kilogram (kg) 907.1848
grain kilogram (kg) 0.0000648
Mass (weight) per length
kip per linear kilogram per meter (kg/m) 0.001488
foot (klf)
pound per linear kilogram per meter (kg/m) 1.488
foot (plf)
Mass per volume (density)
pound per cubic kilogram per cubic 16.01846
foot (pcf) meter (kg/cu m)
pound per cubic kilogram per cubic 0.5933
yard (lb/cu yd) meter (kg/cu m)
Temperature
degree Fahrenheit (F) degree Celsius (C) tc=(tF-32)/1.8
degree Fahrenheit (F) kelvin (K) tk = (tF+459.7)/1.8
kelvin (K) degree Celsius (C) tc=tk-273.15
Energy and heat
British thermal joule (J) 1055.056
unit(Btu)
calorie (cal) joule (J) 4.1868E
Btu/degree F x hr x ft2 W/m2 - degree K 5.678263
kilowatt-hour (kwh) joule (J) 3,600,000E
British thermal calories per gram 0.55556
unit per pound (Btu/lb) (cal/g)
British thermal unit watt (W) 0.2930711
per hour (Btu/hr)
Power
horsepower (hp) watt (W) 745.6999 E
(550 ft-lb/sec)
Velocity
mile per hour (mph) kilometer per hour(km/hr) 1.60934
mile per hour (mph) meter per second (m/s) 0.44704
Permeability
darcy centimeter per 0.000968
second (cm/sec)
feet per day (ft/day) centimeter per 0.000352
second (cm/sec)
----------
*indicates that the factor given is exact.
**One U.S. gallon equals 0.8327 Canadian gallon.
t--A pascal equals 1.000 newton per square meter.
Note:
One U.S. gallon of water weighs 8.34 pounds (U.S.) at 60 degrees F.
One cubic foot of water weighs 62.4 pounds (U.S.).
One milliliter of water has a mass of 1 gram and has a volume of one cubic centimeter.
One U.S. bag of cement weighs 94 lbs.
USEFUL CONVERSION FACTORS
Quantity From English To Metric Multiply
Units Units by*
Length mile km 1.609347
yard m 0.9144**
foot m 0.3048**
inch mm 25.40**
Area square mile km 2 2.590
acre m 2 4047
acre hectare 0.4047
square yard m 2 0.8361
square foot m 2 0.092 90
square inch mm 2 645.2
Volume acre foot m 3 1 233
cubic yard m 3 0.7646
cubic foot m 3 0.028 32
cubic foot L (1000 cm 3) 28.32
100 board feet m 3 0.2360
gallon L (1000 cm 3) 3.785
Mass lb kg 0.4536
kip (1000 lb) metric ton (1000kg) 0.4536
Mass/unit length plf kg/m 1.488
Mass/unit area psf kg/m 2 4.882
Mass density pcf kg/m 3 16.02
Force lb N 4.448
kip kN 4.448
Force/unit length plf N/m 14.59
klf kN/m 14.59
Pressure, stress,
modules of
elasticity psf Pa 47.88
ksf kPa 47.88
psi kPa 6.895
ksi MPa 6.895
Bending moment, ft-lb N . m 1.356
torque, moment of force ft-kip kN . m 1.356
---------------------
* 4 significant digits
**denotes exact conversion
USEFUL CONVERSION FACTORS
Quantity From English Units To Metric Units Multiply by*
Moment of mass lb . ft kg . m 0.1383
Moment of inertia lb . ft2 kg . m 2 0.042 14
Second moment of area in4 mm4 416 200
Section modulus in3 mm3 16 390
Power ton (refrig) kW 3.517
Btu/s kW 1.054
hp (electric) W 745.7
Btu/h W 0.2931
Volume rate of flow ft 3/s m 3/s 0.028 32
cfm m 3/s 0.000 471 9
cfm L/s 0.4719
mgd m 3/s 0.0438
Velocity, speed ft/s m/s **0.3048
Acceleration f/s 2 m/s 2 0.3048
Momentum lb . ft/sec kg . m/s 0.1383
Angular momentum lb . ft 2/s kg . m 2/s 0.042 14
Plane Angle degree rad 0.017 45
mrad 17.45
---------------------------------
* 4 significant digits
**denotes exact conversion
METRIC CONVERSION--PAVEMENTS
ROADWAY DIMENSIONS BRIDGE HT. PCCP Thickness' RESILIENT MODULUS
ft m ft m (inches)(mm) psi MPa
Lane 12 3.6 14.5 4.4 9 225 3,000 21
Shoulder 4 1.2 16.0 4.9 10 250 4,000 28
10 3.0 11 275 5,000 34
12 300 10,000 69
12,000 83
15,000 103
20,000 138
TYPICAL DENSITY VALUES AXLE LOADS TIRE LOADS (per tire width)
pcf kg/m 2 lbs kN lbs/inch kg/mm
PCCP 150 2403 18,000 80 500 9
ACP 137/0.10' 2439
depth
TYPICAL QUANTITIES
Asphalt Concrete Paving Quantities (metric tons/kilometer)
Depth of Pavement
(ft) 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.25 0.30 0.35 0.40 0.45 0.50 0.55 0.60 0.65 0.70 0.75
(mm) 30 45 60 75 90 105 120 135 150 165 180 195 210 225
=============================================================================================
Width of |
Pavement |
(ft) (M) | Metric tons per kilometer
4 1.2 | 88 132 176 219 263 307 351 395 439 483 527 571 614 658
6 1.8 | 132 198 263 329 395 461 527 593 658 724 790 856 922 988
8 2.4 | 176 263 351 439 527 614 702 790 878 966 1,053 1,141 1,229 1,317
10 3.0 | 219 329 439 549 658 768 878 988 1,097 1,207 1,317 1,427 1,536 1,646
11 3.3 | 241 362 483 604 724 845 966 1,086 1,207 1,328 1,448 1,569 1,690 1,811
12 3.6 | 263 395 527 658 790 922 1,053 1,185 1,317 1,448 1,580 1,712 1,843 1,975
22 6.6 | 483 724 966 1,207 1,448 1,690 1,931 2,173 2,414 2,655 2,897 3,138 3,380 3,621
24 7.2 | 527 790 1,053 1,317 1,580 1,843 2,107 2,370 2,634 2,897 3,160 3,424 3,687 3,950
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Based on 2439 kg/m 3 ; 30 mm compacted depth = 73.17 kg/m 2
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
| Wet Material Thickness | Edge Line Coverage | Area Coverage |
|----------------------------|------------------------------|-------------------------------|
| English | Metric | English | Met./Eng.| Metric | English | Met./Eng.| Metric |
| mils (0.001") | mm(0.001M) | Ft/gal | M/gal | M/Liter | SF/gal | SM/gal | SM/Liter |
|===============|============|=========|==========|=========|=========|==========|==========|
| 1.0 | 0.025 | 4832 | 1473 | 393.7 | 1611 | 150 | 39.37 |
|---------------|------------|---------|----------|---------|---------|----------|----------|
| 10.0 | 0.254 | 483 | 147 | 39.4 | 161 | 15 | 3.94 |
|---------------|------------|---------|----------|---------|---------|----------|----------|
| 15.0 | 0.381 | 322 | 98.2 | 26.2 | 107 | 10 | 2.62 |
|---------------|------------|---------|----------|---------|---------|----------|----------|
| 19.7 | 0.500 | 245 | 74.8 | 20.0 | 82 | 7.6 | 2.00 |
|---------------|------------|---------|----------|---------|---------|----------|----------|
| 20.0 | 0.508 | 242 | 73.6 | 19.7 | 81 | 7.5 | 1.97 |
|---------------|------------|---------|----------|---------|---------|----------|----------|
| 25.0 | 0.635 | 193 | 58.9 | 15.7 | 64 | 6.0 | 1.57 |
|---------------|------------|---------|----------|---------|---------|----------|----------|
| 30.0 | 0.762 | 161 | 49.1 | 13.1 | 54 | 5.0 | 1.31 |
|---------------|------------|---------|----------|---------|---------|----------|----------|
| 35.0 | 0.889 | 138 | 42.1 | 11.2 | 46 | 4.3 | 1.12 |
|---------------|------------|---------|----------|---------|---------|----------|----------|
| 39.4 | 1.000 | 123 | 37.4 | 10.0 | 41 | 3.8 | 1.00 |
|---------------|------------|---------|----------|---------|---------|----------|----------|
| 40.0 | 1.016 | 121 | 36.8 | 9.8 | 40 | 3.7 | 0.98 |
|---------------|------------|---------|----------|---------|---------|----------|----------|
| 45.0 | 1.143 | 107 | 32.7 | 8.7 | 36 | 3.3 | 0.87 |
|---------------|------------|---------|----------|---------|---------|----------|----------|
| 49.2 | 1.250 | 98 | 29.9 | 8.0 | 33 | 3.0 | 0.80 |
|---------------|------------|---------|----------|---------|---------|----------|----------|
| 50.0 | 1.270 | 97 | 29.5 | 7.9 | 32 | 3.0 | 0.79 |
|---------------|------------|---------|----------|---------|---------|----------|----------|
| 59.1 | 1.500 | 82 | 24.9 | 6.7 | 27 | 2.5 | 0.67 |
|---------------|------------|---------|----------|---------|---------|----------|----------|
| 60.0 | 1.524 | 81 | 24.5 | 6.6 | 27 | 2.5 | 0.66 |
|---------------|------------|---------|----------|---------|---------|----------|----------|
| 78.7 | 2.000 | 61 | 18.7 | 5.0 | 20 | 1.9 | 0.50 |
|---------------|------------|---------|----------|---------|---------|----------|----------|
| 88.6 | 2.250 | 55 | 16.6 | 4.4 | 18 | 1.7 | 0.44 |
|---------------|------------|---------|----------|---------|---------|----------|----------|
| 90.0 | 2.286 | 54 | 16.4 | 4.4 | 18 | 1.7 | 0.44 |
|---------------|------------|---------|----------|---------|---------|----------|----------|
| 98.4 | 2.500 | 49 | 15.0 | 4.0 | 16 | 1.5 | 0.40 |
|---------------|------------|---------|----------|---------|---------|----------|----------|
| 100.0 | 2.540 | 48 | 14.7 | 3.9 | 16 | 1.5 | 0.39 |
|---------------|------------|---------|----------|---------|---------|----------|----------|
| 118.1 | 3.000 | 41 | 12.5 | 3.3 | 14 | 1.3 | 0.33 |
|---------------|------------|---------|----------|---------|---------|----------|----------|
| 120.0 | 3.048 | 40 | 12.3 | 3.3 | 13 | 1.2 | 0.33 |
|---------------|------------|---------|----------|---------|---------|----------|----------|
| 236.2 | 6.000 | 20 | 6.2 | 1.7 | 7 | 0.6 | 0.17 |
|---------------|------------|---------|----------|---------|---------|----------|----------|
| 250.0 | 6.350 | 19 | 5.9 | 1.6 | 6 | 0.6 | 0.16 |
|---------------|------------|---------|----------|---------|---------|----------|----------|
| 255.9 | 6.500 | 19 | 5.8 | 1.5 | 6 | 0.6 | 0.15 |
|---------------|------------|---------|----------|---------|---------|----------|----------|
| 260.0 | 6.604 | 19 | 5.7 | 1.5 | 6 | 0.6 | 0.15 |
|-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| WDB 4.22.97 |
=============================================================================================
SHEET METAL Most specification references use gage number
followed by the decimal inch thickness. Example: 22 gage (0.034 inch)
Metric specifications use the absolute mm thickness. It is not the intent
of this guidance to change the thickness of currently used sheeting. The
following chart may be used to specify sheet metal. The thickness under
"Specify" is thinner than the actual gage thickness, since specifications
give minimum thickness. Gage Inch Exact Specify Percent Thinner
(mm) (mm) Than "Exact"
Value
32 0.0134 0.3404 0.34 0.1
30 0.0157 0.3988 0.39 2.2
28 0.0187 0.4750 0.47 1.1
26 0.0217 0.5512 0.55 0.2
24 0.0276 0.7010 0.70 0.1
22 0.0336 0.8534 0.85 0.4
20 0.0396 1.0058 1.0 0.6
18 0.0516 1.3106 1.3 0.8
16 0.0635 1.6129 1.6 0.8
14 0.0785 1.9939 1.9 4.7
12 0.1084 2.7534 2.7 1.9
10 0.1382 3.5103 3.5 0.3
8 0.1681 4.2697 4.2 1.6
This schedule was developed since no existing material was found to
clearly identify existing sheeting in metric units. Until a more efficient
method is developed to address this issue, specifiers may wish to retain
the gage number in specifications, and couple this with a rounded mm size
in parenthesis.
REINFORCING STEEL
WSDOT Metric projects will continue to use U.S. Customary units on
PS&E's.
The following table shows the current U.S. customary rebar sizes in
relationship to the respective diameters and cross-sectional areas. Customary English Metric
System Equivalent
---------------------------------------------
U. S. Customary Diameter Area Diameter Area
Designation (in.) (in 2) (mm) (mm 2)
------------------------------------------------------------------
#3 0.375 0.11 9.5 71
#4 0.500 0.20 12.7 127
#5 0.625 0.31 15.9 198
#6 0.750 0.44 19.1 285
#7 0.875 0.60 22.2 388
#8 1.000 0.79 25.4 507
#9 1.125 1.00 28.6 641
#10 1.270 1.27 32.3 817
#11 1.410 1.56 35.8 1007
#14 1.693 2.25 43.0 1452
#18 2.257 4.00 57.3 2581
SEVEN-WIRE, UNCOATED STRAND FOR PRESTRESSED CONCRETE STRUCTURES
The prestressing industry again uses the soft conversion for all
dimensional units of prestressing wire. This soft conversion is utilized
worldwide and a copy of the equivalent physical properties for Grade 270
low-relaxation strand, as provided by Florida Wire and Cable Company, is
provided below: 270 GRADE LOW-RELAXATION ASTM A-416
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
Nominal Strand Minimum Strength Area
Diameter
(mm) (in.) (kN) (lb.) (mm 2) (in 2)
10 (3/8) 102.3 (23,000) 54.8 (0.085)
11 (7/16) 137.9 (31,000) 74.2 (0.115)
12 (15/32) 160.1 (36,000) 85.8 (0.133)
13 (1/2) 183.7 (41,300) 98.7 (0.153)
14 (9/16) 230.0 (51,700) 123.9 (0.192)
15 (0.600) 260.6 (58,600) 140.0 (0.217)
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
SIEVES
Sieve Designation (W)
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Nominal Permissible Variation Intermediate Maximum Nominal
Standard Alternative Sieve of Average Opening Tolerance Individual Wire
Opening from the Standard (x) Opening Diameter
(in.) Sieve Designation (x) (mm)
(y)
+ or
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
125 mm 5 in. 5 3.70 mm 130.0 mm 130.9 mm 8.00
106 mm 4.24 in. 4.24 3.20 mm 110.2 mm 111.1 mm 6.40
100 mm 4 in. 4 3.00 mm 104.0 mm 104.8 mm 6.30
90 mm 3 1/2 in. 3.5 2.70 mm 93.6 mm 94.4 mm 6.08
75 mm 3 in. 3 2.20 mm 78.1 mm 78.7 mm 5.80
63 mm 2 1/2 in. 2.5 1.90 mm 65.6 mm 66.2 mm 5.50
53 mm 2.12 in. 2.12 1.60 mm 55.2 mm 55.7 mm 5.15
50 mm 2 in. 2 1.50 mm 52.1 mm 52.6 mm 5.05
45 mm 1 3/4 in. 1.75 1.40 mm 46.9 mm 47.4 mm 4.85
37.5 mm 1 1/2 in. 1.5 1.10 mm 39.1 mm 39.5 mm 4.59
31.5 mm 1 1/4 in. 1.25 1.00 mm 32.9 mm 33.2 mm 4.23
26.5 mm 1.06 in. 1.06 0.80 mm 27.7 mm 28.0 mm 3.90
25.0 mm 1 in. 1 0.80 mm 26.1 mm 26.4 mm 3.80
22.4 mm 0.875 0.70 mm 23.4 mm 23.7 mm 3.50
19.0 mm 3/4 in. 0.750 0.60 mm 19.9 mm 20.1 mm 3.30
16.0 mm 0.625 0.50 mm 16.7 mm 17.0 mm 3.00
13.2 mm 0.530 in. 0.530 0.41 mm 13.83 mm 14.05 mm 2.75
12.5 mm 1/2 in. 0.500 0.39 mm 13.10 mm 13.31 mm 2.67
11.2 mm 7/16 in. 0.438 0.35 mm 11.75 mm 11.94 mm 2.45
9.50 mm 0.375 0.30 mm 9.97 mm 10.16 mm 2.27
8.00 mm 5/16 in. 0.312 0.25 mm 8.41 mm 8.58 mm 2.07
6.70 mm 0.265 in. 0.265 0.21 mm 7.05 mm 7.20 mm 1.87
6.30 mm 1/4 in. 0.250 0.20 mm 6.64 mm 6.78 mm 1.82
5.60 mm No. 3 1/2 0.223 0.18 mm 5.90 mm 6.04 mm 1.68
4.75 mm No. 4 0.187 0.15 mm 5.02 mm 5.14 mm 1.54
4.00 mm No. 5 0.157 0.13 mm 4.23 mm 4 35 mm 1.37
3.35 mm No. 6 0.132 0.11 mm 3.55 mm 3.66 mm 1.23
2.80 mm No. 7 0.11 0.095 mm 2.975 mm 3.070 mm 1.10
2.36 mm No. 8 0.0937 0.080 mm 2.515 mm 2.600 mm 1.00
2.00 mm No. 10 0.0787 0.070 mm 2.135 mm 2.215 mm 0.900
1.70 mm No. 12 0.0661 0.060 mm 1.820 mm 1.890 mm 0.810
1.40 mm No. 14 0.0555 0.050 mm 1.505 mm 1.565 mm 0.725
1.18 mm No. 16 0.0469 0.045 mm 1.270 mm 1.330 mm 0.650
1.00 mm No. 18 0.0394 0.040 mm 1.080 mm 1.135 mm 0.580
0.850 mm No. 20 0.0331 0.035 mm 0.925 mm 0.970 mm 0.510
0.710 mm No. 25 0.0278 0.030 mm 0.775 mm 0.815 mm 0.450
0.600 mm No. 30 0.0234 0.025 mm 0.660 mm 0.695 mm 0.390
0.500 mm No. 35 0.0197 0.020 mm 0.550 mm 0.585 mm 0.340
0.425 mm No. 40 0.0165 0.019 mm 0.471 mm 0.502 mm 0.290
0.355 mm No. 45 0.0139 0.016 mm 0.396 mm 0.425 mm 0.247
0.300 mm No. 50 0.0117 0.014 mm 0.337 mm 0.363 mm 0.215
0.250 mm No. 60 0.0098 0.012 mm 0.283 mm 0.306 mm 0.180
0.212 mm No. 70 0.0083 0.010 mm 0.242 mm 0.263 mm 0.152
0.180 mm No. 80 0.0070 0.009 mm 0.207 mm 0.227 mm 0.131
0.150 mm No. 100 0.0059 0.008 mm 0.174 mm 0.192 mm 0.110
0.125 mm No. 120 0.0049 0.007 mm 0.147 mm 0.163 mm 0.091
0.106 mm No. 140 0.0041 0.006 mm 0.126 mm 0.141 mm 0.076
0.090 mm No. 170 0.0035 0.005 mm 0.108 mm 0.122 mm 0.064
0.075 mm No. 200 0.0029 0.005 mm 0.091 mm 0.103 mm 0.053
0.063 mm No. 230 0.0025 0.004 mm 0.077 mm 0.089 mm 0.044
0.053 mm No. 270 0.0021 0.004 mm 0.066 mm 0.076 mm 0.037
0.045 mm No. 325 0.0017 0.003 mm 0.057 mm 0.066 mm 0.030
0.038 mm No. 400 0.0015 0.003 mm 0.048 mm 0.057 mm 0.025
0.032 mm No. 450 0.0012 0.003 mm 0.042 mm 0.050 mm 0.028
0.025 mm No. 500 0.0010 0.003 mm 0.034 mm 0.041 mm 0.025
0.020 mm No. 635 0.0008 0.003 mm 0.029 mm 0.035 mm 0.020
HARD CONVERSION FOR CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS
Structural Steel, M270
Min. Tensile Strength Min. Yield Strength Min. Yield Strength
Grade (MPa) (MPa) (ksi)
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
36 400 250 36
50 450 345 50
50W 485 345 50
70W 620 480 70
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Reinforcing Bars, M31M
Grade Tensile and Yield Strengths
Metric English Tensile Strength Min. Yield Strength Min. Yield Strength
Value Value (MPa) (MPa) (ksi)
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
300 40 500 300 40
400 60 600 400 60
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Common Concrete Strengths (f'c)
-----------------------------------------------------------------------
Metric (MPa) 20 28 35 43 48 55
English (psi) 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000 8000
-----------------------------------------------------------------------
Coefficient of Thermal Expansion
Metric Value English Value
--------------------------------------------
Steel 0.0000117/oC 0.0000065/oF
Concrete 0.0000108/oC 0.000006/oF
--------------------------------------------
Unit Weights
Metric Value English Value
--------------------------------------------------------------------------
Steel 7848.3 kg/m3 490 pcf
Concrete 2402.5 kg/m3 150 pcf
--------------------------------------------------------------------------
THE CONSTRUCTION TRADES
Here are the metric units that will be used by the construction trades.
The term "length" includes all linear measurements--length, width, height,
thickness, diameter, and circumference. Quantity Unit Symbol
Surveying length kilometer, meter km, m
area square kilometer km2
hectare (10,000 m2) ha
square meter m2
plane angle degree (non metric) o
minute (non metric) '
second (non metric) "
Excavating length meter, millimeter m, mm
volume cubic meter m3
Trucking distance kilometer km
volume cubic meter m3
mass metric ton (1000 kg) t
Paving length meter, millimeter m, mm
area square meter m2
Concrete length meter, millimeter m, mm
area square meter m2
volume cubic meter m3
temperature degree Celsius oC
water capacity liter (1000cm) L
mass (weight) kilogram, gram kg, g
cross-sectional area square millimeter mm2
Pipe is one of the most ubiquitous products in construction. It is made
of a wide variety of materials, including galvanized steel, black steel,
copper, cast iron, concrete, and various plastics such as ABS, PVC, CPVC,
polyethylene, and polybutylene, among others.
But like wood
2-by-4's which are not really 2 inches by 4 inches, pipe is identified by
"nominal" or "trade" names that are related only loosely to actual
dimensions. For instance, a 2-inch galvanized steel pipe has n inside
diameter of about 2-1/8 inches and an outside diameter of about 2-5/8
inches. It is called "2-inch pipe" only for the sake of convenience.
Since few, if any, pipe products have actual dimensions that are
in even, round inch-pound numbers, there is no need to convert them to
even, round metric numbers. Instead, only their names will change--from
inch-pound to metric. Pipe cross sections will not change. Fittings,
flanges, couplings, valves, and other piping components will be renamed in
like manner as will pipe threads. Here are the inch-pound names for pipe
products (called NPS or "nominal pipe size") and their metric equivalents
(called DN or "diameter nominal"). The metric names conform to
International Standards Organization (ISO) usage and apply to all
plumbing, natural gas, heating oil, drainage, and miscellaneous piping
used in buildings and civil works projects.
NPS DN NPS DN
----------------------------------------
1/8" 6 mm 8" 200 mm
3/16" 7 mm 10" 250 mm
1/4" 8 mm 12" 300 mm
3/8" 10 mm 14" 350 mm
1/2" 15 mm 16" 400 mm
5/8" 18 mm 18" 450 mm
3/4" 20 mm 20" 500 mm
1" 25 mm 24" 600 mm
1-1/4" 32 mm 28" 700 mm
1-1/2" 40 mm 30" 750 mm
2" 50 mm 32" 800 mm
2-1/2" 65 mm 36" 900 mm
3" 80 mm 40" 1000 mm
3-1/2" 90 mm 44" 1100 mm
4" 100 mm 48" 1200 mm
4-1/2" 115 mm 52" 1300 mm
5" 125 mm 56" 1400 mm
6" 150 mm 60" 1500 mm
**(For pipe over 60 inches, use 1 inch equals 25 mm)
TABLE 1 PROPOSED METRIC CSP DIAMETER SIZES
Proposed Metric (mm) Current Standard (inches)
150 6
200 8
250 10
300 12
375 15
450 18
525 21
600 24
675 27
750 30
825 33
900 36
1050 42
1200 48
1350 54
1500 60
1650 66
1800 72
1950 78
2100 84
2250 90
2400 96
2550 102
2700 108
2850 114
3000 120
3150 126
3300 132
3450 138
3600 144
TABLE 2
CORRUGATION SIZES
CURRENT PROPOSED
(Inches) (Millimeters)
-------------------------------------------------------------------
2 2/3 x 1/2 68 x 13
3 x 1 76 x 25
5 x 1 125 x 25
3/4 x 3/4 x 7 1/2 19 x 19 x 191
3/4 x 1 x 11 1/2 19 x 25 x 292
TABLE 3
PIPE WALL THICKNESS
CURRENT NOMINAL PROPOSED
Thickness NOMINAL
Thickness
---------------------------------------------------------------------
GATE (Inches) (millimeters)
16 0.064 1.6
14 0.079 2.0
12 0.109 2.8
10 0.138 3.5
8 0.168 4.3
TABLE 4
PIPE ARCH SIZES
Corrugations Corrugations
Inches Millimeters Inches Millimeters
2 2/3 x 1/2 68 x 13 3 x 1 & 5 x 1 76 x 25 & 125 x 25
Span x Rise Span x Rise Span x Rise Span x Rise
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
17 x 13 425 x 325 53 x 41 1325 x 1025
21 x 15 525 x 375 60 x 46 1500 x 1150
24 x 18 600 x 450 66 x 51 1650 x 1275
28 x 20 700 x 500 73 x 55 1825 x 1375
35 x 24 875 x 600 81 x 59 2025 x 1475
42 x 29 1050 x 725 87 x 63 2175 x 1575
49 x 33 1225 x 825 95 x 67 2375 x 1675
57 x 38 1425 x 950 103 x 71 2575 x 1775
64 x 43 1600 x 1075 112 x 75 2800 x 1875
71 x 47 1775 x 1175 117 x 79 2925 x 1975
77 x 52 1925 x 1300 128 x 83 3200 x 2075
83 x 57 2075 x 1425 137 x 87 3425 x 2175
142 x 91 3550 x 2275
Note: millimeters equal to inches x 25. Assumed pipe diameters will be x 25.
TABLE 4A PIPE ARCH SIZES
CORRUGATIONS
Inches Millimeters
3/4 x 3/4 x 7 1/2 19 x 19 x 191
Span x Rise Span x Rise
----------------------------------------------------------------------------
20 x 16 500 x 400
23 x 19 575 x 475
27 x 21 675 x 525
33 x 26 825 x 650
40 x 31 1000 x 775
46 x 36 1150 x 900
53 x 41 1325 x 1025
60 x 46 1500 x 1150
66 x 51 1650 x 1275
73 x 55 1825 x 1375
81 x 59 2025 x 1475
87 x 63 2175 x 1575
95 x 67 2375 x 1675
Note: millimeters equal to inches x 25. Assumed pipe diameters will be x 25.
STRUCTURAL PLATE DIMENSIONS
6 X 2 Corrugation
31 Inch Corner Radius
------------------------------------------------------
Span Rise R R
ft-in ft-in ft. ft.
------------------------------------------------------
13-3 9-4 6.68 16.05
14-11 10-2 7.48 18.98
16-6 11-0 8.29 21.93
18-1 11-10 9.09 24.98
19-8 12-8 9.90 28.04
TABLE 5M STRUCTURAL PLATE DIMENSIONS
152 x 51 Corrugation
787 mm Corner Radius
___________________________________________________________
millimeters
-----------------------------------------------------------
Span Rise R R
___________________________________________________________
4039 2845 2036 4892
4547 3099 2280 5785
5029 3353 2527 6684
5512 3607 2771 7614
5994 3861 3018 8547
TABLE 6 STRUCTURAL PLATE THICKNESS
Current Specification Proposed
________________________________________________________
Gage Inches Millimeters
________________________________________________________
12 .111 2.5
10 .140 3.5
8 .170 4.5
7 .188 -
5 .218 5.5
3 .249 6.5
1 .280 7.0
5/16 .318 8.0
3/8 .377 9.5
| 